History and settling of indigenous small-in-number peoples of the North
Peculiarities of settling of the indigenous small-in-number peoples of the North During the last quarter of the century historically arranged system of northern indigenous peoples' settling had great changes mainly due to the development of oil and gas fields. Appearance of new towns and workers’ villages caused the growth of the urban population, increased the migration movement of the Northern ethnoses which was often obligatory. On the whole the number of urban inhabitants increased among the peoples of the North over the Okrug. In 1979 their quota in the total number amounted to 4424 people; in 1989 – 6788 people, in 1999 – 11109 people. In 2006 – 29753 people. 22.5 ths. representatives of the Ostyaki people (Khanty), 6.0 ths. representatives of the Samodi people (Nenetses) and 4.5 - 6.0 ths. representatives of the Voguly people (Mansi) lived at the end of the XIX century within the vast Tobolsk Province (present territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is a part of it). Pre-Polar census in 1926 - 1927 defined 15105 representatives of small-in-number peoples on the suggested bound of the Okrug (Beryezovsky, Kondinsky, Samarovsky and Surgutsky Districts according to the administrative division on January 1, 1927). The dynamics of the indigenous peoples number could be traced since the census till nowadays. Till the beginning of 90-s the number of the Khanty, Mansi and Nenetses remained stable, the reason is the quick growth of the Okrug population especially in 70-80-s, their density in the total number of population is constantly decreasing: from 41% in 20-s to 1.5-2 % at present. Basic changes in indigenous population's size at that period were connected with the Okrug territory urbanization which promoted increasing the number of the urban people among the minority groups due to the rural people migration to the towns and working settlements. Process of gradual reduction of the absolute number and the rural national population density, the quota of which reduced from 97 % in 1939 to 65 % in 1989, and the absolute number at that period decreased from 18.4 to 12.8 ths. people, took place. Regarding the nationalities separately, the most urbanized are the Mansi people: 41 % of their representatives live in the urban settlements (1989), the quota of urban people among the Khanty and Nenetses people is 31 %. Historically organized system of the indigenous peoples residence on the territory of the Okrug for the last quarter of the century has been changed greatly. It was caused by the natural resources exploitation. New towns and working settlements caused the growth of the urban people number, raised the migratory mobility of the northern ethnoses which usually had a force character. Women were very active in this process (due to higher educational level, opportunity to find the job and regulate their life). Sex density has been changed in the places of the indigenous people traditional living and in urban settlements. In the Okrug towns the quota of women in active able-bodied ages (16-39) makes 60 % and more of the total number of resident indigenous nationalities. But in spite of this inequality, the most part of men is unmarried according to the above mentioned reasons. The opportunities to found new towns and working settlements are exhausted, therefore the increasing of the urban people number among the national population will be natural, owing to migration from the countryside to the place of education or working, and the growth rate will be reduced. In general this process doesn't need the regulation: acceleration or deceleration. Its evolutional development allows the most prepared representatives of the northern ethnoses to adapt to the changed conditions without problems. The negative part of this process is the fact that urbanization increases the crossbreeding of the indigenous peoples by ethnical miscegenation growth. In total there is a growth of urban people among the Northern peoples. In 1979 their density in the total number made 24.1 %, in 1989 - 34.6, at the beginning of 1999 - 39 %. During these years the Decree on enlargement of rural settlements by means of indigenous peoples moving from so called “lacking in prospects” national villages have been realized. Since 1964 till the present days the number of rural settlements in the Okrug decreased from 314 to 173 or by 1.7 times, it reflects the negative influence on the development of the traditional economy and employment of the indigenous population. At present the number of mixed families in villages with the aboriginal and newly arrived population is over half and more of the total number of the small-in-number peoples of the North living in this or that village. This process covered the whole territory of the Northern peoples residing, the difference is only in its intensity. At present the families of nomadic population are ethnically clear, their number amounted to 3610 people in 2004. Owing to the contacts with different countries increasing, cultural and educational level growth of young generation, the assimilative processes tend to enlarge. Changes in legislation (for instance, benefit repeal for Northern small-in-number peoples) and national self-consciousness growth can influence on the marriages decrease of such kind. Regarding ethnical miscegenations on sex, the quota of aboriginal women makes 2/3 of all marriages. It is connected with the fact that women of indigenous nationality prefer to get married to the arrived population representatives in the communities, where the representatives of small-in-number peoples live together with other nationalities. Dominating of men population in young ages among the arrived population promotes it, that was distinctive in the period of raw material resources base intensive developing. The growth of ethnical outmarriages number makes increase of single men number of aboriginal nationality, mostly in the settlements near the compressor stations and working settlements, because they can not find the match as a result of outmarriages in these communities. In the last years the nationality of children from the ethnically mixed families of small-in-number peoples of the North is usually determined by the parent of aboriginal nationality, with the exception of the outmarriages with the Komi where can be the same situation. The most significant changes in the Okrug national minorities number were in the 1-st half of 90-s, when the number of small-in-number peoples of the North increased quickly.
In the period of 2002-2008 decreasing of small-in-number peoples size living in rural areas by 4 693 people is observed, number of this category in municipal Okrugs and urban settlements increased by 6 246 people, number of people living traditional life decreased insignificantly by 16 people.
According to the data of authorized bodies on issues of indigenous small-in-number peoples of the North of the municipal entities of the Autonomous Okrug and Healthcare Department of the Autonomous Okrug, population structure of the indigenous small-in-number peoples of the North comprised the categories as follows on December 31, 2008:
According to the information of Healthcare Department of the Autonomous Okrug, number of women among ISPN accounted for 15 721 people or 51.6% of the total number of ISPN, including:
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