|
Within the vast Tobolsk Province (the present territory of
the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is the part of it) 22.5 ths.
representatives of the Ostyaki people (Khanty), 6.0 representatives of the
Samodi people (Nenetses) and 4.5 - 6.0 representatives of the Voguly
people (Mansi).
The Pre-polar census in 1926 - 1927 defined 15195
representatives of small-in-number peoples on the suggested bound of the
Okrug (Beryezovsky, Kondinsky, Samarovsky and Surgutsky Districts
according to the administrative division on January 1, 1927). The
dynamics of the indigenous peoples number could be traced since the census
till nowadays.
The density of small-in-number peoples of the North
of
the
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug in the total number of population
|
|
1926-1927 |
1939 |
1959 |
1970 |
1979 |
1989 |
1999 |
2004 |
|
Total number of population |
36886 |
92900 |
123926 |
271157 |
570763 |
1282396 |
1369500 |
1469000 |
|
including small-in-number peoples |
15105 |
18841 |
17929 |
19846 |
18378 |
19598 |
28556 |
30150 |
|
density, % |
41 |
20 |
15 |
7,3 |
3,2 |
1,5 |
2,1 |
2 |
|
urban people |
2685 |
7500 |
33464 |
170625 |
446034 |
1166339 |
1247000 |
1156800 |
|
including small-in-number peoples |
31 |
465 |
1185 |
3357 |
4424 |
6788 |
11109 |
13108 |
|
rural people |
34201 |
85400 |
90462 |
100532 |
124729 |
116057 |
121600 |
312200 |
|
including small-in-number peoples |
15074 |
18376 |
16744 |
16489 |
13954 |
12810 |
17339 |
13432 |
Till the beginning of 90-s the number of the Khanty,
Mansi and Nenetses remained stable, the reason is the quick growth of the
Okrug population especially in 70-80-s, their density in the total number of
population is constantly decreasing: from 41% in 20-s to 1.5-2 % at
present.
The basic changes in the number of the indigenous
population at that period were connected with the Okrug territory
urbanization which promoted to increase the number of the urban people
among the minority groups due to the rural people migration to the towns
and working settlements. The process of gradual reduction of the
absolute number and the rural national population density, the quota of
which reduced from 97 % in 1939 to 65 % in 1989, and the absolute number
at that period decreased from 18.4 to 12.8 ths. people, took place.
Regarding the nationalities separately, the most urbanized are the Mansi
people: 41 % of their representatives live in the urban settlements
(1989), the quota of urban people among the Khanty and Nenetses people is
31 % (Table 2.2).
Historically organized system of the indigenous peoples
residence on the territory of the Okrug for the last quarter of the
century has been changed greatly. It was caused by the natural resources
exploitation. New towns and working settlements caused the growth of the
urban people number, raised the migratory mobility of the northern
ethnoses which usually had a force character. Women were very active in
this process (due to higher educational level, opportunity to find the job
and regulate their life). Sex density has been changed in the places of the
indigenous people traditional living and in urban settlements.
In the Okrug towns the quota of women in active
able-bodied ages (16-39) makes 60 % and more of the total number of
resident indigenous nationalities. But in spite of this inequality,
the most part of men is unmarried according to the above mentioned
reasons.
The opportunities to found new towns and working
settlements are exhausted, therefore the increasing of the urban people
number among the national population will be natural, owing to migration
from the countryside to the place of education or working, and the growth
rate will be reduced. In general this process doesn't need the regulation:
acceleration or deceleration. Its evolutional development allows the most
prepared representatives of the northern ethnoses to adapt to the changed
conditions without problems.
The negative part of this process is the fact that
urbanization increases the crossbreeding of the indigenous peoples by
ethnical miscegenation growth.
In total there is a growth of urban people among the
Northern peoples. In 1979 their density in the total number made 24.1 %, in
1989 - 34.6, at the beginning of 1999 - 39 %.
During the last quarter of the century according to the
statistical data of the Okrug Territorial Medical Board the natural growth
of the Northern small-in-number population, residing on the territory of the
Okrug, was positive and varied over particular years from 6.3 (1994) to 28.0
(1997) per 1000 inhabitants.
At present the number of mixed families in villages
with the aboriginal and newly arrived population is over half and more
of the total number of the small-in-number peoples of the North living
in this or that village.
This process covered the whole territory of the Northern
peoples residing, the difference is only in its intensity. At present the
families of nomadic population are ethnically clear, their number amounted
to 3610 people in 2004.
Owing to the contacts
with different countries increasing, cultural and educational level growth
of young generation, the assimilative processes tend to enlarge. Changes in legislation (for instance, benefit repeal
for Northern small-in-number peoples) and national self-consciousness
growth can influence on the marriages decrease of such kind. Regarding
ethnical miscegenations on sex, the quota of aboriginal women makes 2/3 of
all marriages.
It is connected with the fact that women of indigenous nationality prefer
to get married to the arrived population representatives in the
communities, where the representatives of small-in-number peoples live
together with other nationalities. Dominating of men population in young
ages among the arrived population promotes it, that was distinctive in the
period of raw material resources base intensive developing.
The growth of ethnical outmarriages number makes increase of single men
number of aboriginal nationality, mostly in the settlements near the
compressor stations and working settlements, because they can not find the
match as a result of outmarriages in these communities.
In
the last years the nationality of children from the ethnically mixed
families of small-in-number peoples of the North is usually determined by
the parent of aboriginal nationality, with the exception of the outmarriages
with the Komi where can be the same situation.
The most significant changes in the Okrug national minorities number were in
the 1-st half of 90-s, when the number of small-in-number peoples of the
North increased quickly.
Increasing of small-in-number peoples number over the Okrug districts in
this time was mostly caused by artificial reasons, because it was in the
result of nationality change in connection with benefits which were given to
the representative of aboriginal peoples. In the total growth of population
the natural growth made from 8.7 % in the Oktyabrsky District to 30.2 % in
the Beloyarsky District in 1989-1994, at that time it was an intensive
growth of the national minorities number. The exception is the Surgutsky
District in which the whole growth of population was natural.
The highest quota and the absolute number of persons who have changed their
nationality falls on the Kondinsky District. The biggest density of
ethically mixed families and cross-breeding level of population in
comparison with the other districts of the Okrug are the characteristic
features of this District.
It
is necessary to accent the dual character of ethically mixed marriages,
which on the one hand degraded the national community, and on the other –
young generation, which identifies itself with the aboriginal ethnos, gave
an impulse to increase the national self-consciousness. Many representatives
of the national intelligence are of ethnically mixed families origin.
Correlation
of small-in-number peoples of the North
over the Districts (people)
|
Districts |
1989 |
1995 |
2005 |
|
Beloyarsky |
2007 |
2675 |
2697 |
|
Beryezovsky |
4316 |
6018 |
5933 |
|
Kondinsky |
2947 |
4660 |
4957 |
|
Nizhnevartovsky |
1611 |
2106 |
2192 |
|
Oktyabrsky |
1316 |
1857 |
1985 |
|
Surgutsky |
2497 |
2650 |
2784 |
|
Khanty-Mansiysky |
1049 |
1484 |
1600 |
|